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European Mail Armour: Ringed Battle Shirts from the Iron Age, Roman Period and Early Middle Ages
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European Mail Armour: Ringed Battle Shirts from the Iron Age, Roman Period and Early Middle Ages
Amsterdam University Press 2022
Format: True PDF
pages:521
size: 26 MB
Amsterdam University Press 2022
Format: True PDF
pages:521
size: 26 MB
c o n t e n t s
a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s ix
1 i n t r o d u c t i o n 1
1.1 Previous research 1
1.2 Research question and aims 5
1.3 Chaîne opératoire 7
1.4 A multi-dimensional approach to material studies 7
1.5 Scope 9
1.6 Mail or chain-mail? 10
2 t h e o r i g i n s o f m a i l a r m o u r 13
2.1 Suggested precursors 13
2.2 Contested origins 19
2.3 Earliest evidence 23
2.4 Tracing the earliest contexts 26
2.5 Further dispersal 32
2.6 When, where and by whom 33
3 d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d a r c h a e o l o g i c a l c o n t e x t 35
3.1 Battlefields and accidental loss 35
3.2 Iron Age mail 40
3.3 The Roman Republic 46
3.4 The Roman Principate 50
3.5 Hybrid feathered armour 58
3.6 Hybrid armour beyond the roman empire 61
3.7 Late Antiquity 63
3.8 The Barbaricum and beyond 66
3.9 Mail for men, women and children 70
3.10 Social access to mail outside the Roman Empire 78
3.11 Centuries of archaeological evidence 83
4 t h e i c o n o g r a p h y o f e a r l y m a i l a r m o u r 85
4.1 the iconographic evidence 85
4.2 the 3rd century bc to the end of the roman republic 87
4.3 early empire until the end of the 1st century ad 97
4.4 the 2nd century ad 113
4.5 the 3rd to 5th century ad 124
4.6 development of mail armour design in iconography 131
5 t h e n a m i n g o f m a i l a r m o u r 133
5.1 Classical literature on armour 133
5.2 Lorica hamata 134
5.3 Other designations 139
5.4 Simply lorica 141
a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s ix
1 i n t r o d u c t i o n 1
1.1 Previous research 1
1.2 Research question and aims 5
1.3 Chaîne opératoire 7
1.4 A multi-dimensional approach to material studies 7
1.5 Scope 9
1.6 Mail or chain-mail? 10
2 t h e o r i g i n s o f m a i l a r m o u r 13
2.1 Suggested precursors 13
2.2 Contested origins 19
2.3 Earliest evidence 23
2.4 Tracing the earliest contexts 26
2.5 Further dispersal 32
2.6 When, where and by whom 33
3 d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d a r c h a e o l o g i c a l c o n t e x t 35
3.1 Battlefields and accidental loss 35
3.2 Iron Age mail 40
3.3 The Roman Republic 46
3.4 The Roman Principate 50
3.5 Hybrid feathered armour 58
3.6 Hybrid armour beyond the roman empire 61
3.7 Late Antiquity 63
3.8 The Barbaricum and beyond 66
3.9 Mail for men, women and children 70
3.10 Social access to mail outside the Roman Empire 78
3.11 Centuries of archaeological evidence 83
4 t h e i c o n o g r a p h y o f e a r l y m a i l a r m o u r 85
4.1 the iconographic evidence 85
4.2 the 3rd century bc to the end of the roman republic 87
4.3 early empire until the end of the 1st century ad 97
4.4 the 2nd century ad 113
4.5 the 3rd to 5th century ad 124
4.6 development of mail armour design in iconography 131
5 t h e n a m i n g o f m a i l a r m o u r 133
5.1 Classical literature on armour 133
5.2 Lorica hamata 134
5.3 Other designations 139
5.4 Simply lorica 141
6 d e c o r a t i o n i n m a i l g a r m e n t s 143
6.1 Gold on silver 143
6.2 Copper alloy elements 145
6.3 Decorative origin 146
6.4 Development and distribution 147
6.5 Decorative trimmings 150
6.6 Inserted patterns 153
6.7 Contrasting rivets 155
6.8 Decoration of hybrid armour 158
6.9 Decoration of ‘miniature mail’ 160
6.10 Decorative hems 161
6.11 Colourful Roman army 163
7 p a d d e d g a r m e n t s 165
7.1 the advantages and disadvantages of flexible armour 165
7.2 himation, thoracomachus, subarmalis and cimmerian tunic 168
7.3 textile and leather remains 172
7.4 medieval analogy, gladiators and pteruges 176
7.5 concealed by metal armour 181
8 t h e c r a f t o f m a k i n g m a i l r i n g s 183
8.1 The mail maker’s process 183
8.2 The manufacture of metal wire 192
8.3 The manufacture of solid rings 197
8.4 Unravelling the use of butted rings 201
8.5 Loose rings 207
8.6 The mail making workshop 209
9 w e a v i n g p a t t e r n s 211
9.1 Four-in-one pattern 211
9.2 Six-in-one pattern from tiefenau 215
9.3 Pinched loop-in-loop pattern from Bertoldsheim 217
9.4 Four-in-one pattern in hybrid armour 219
9.5 Favourable characteristics 221
1 0 t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f m a i l g a r m e n t s 223
10.1 Current knowledge based on late mail from Europe 224
10.2 Presence of constructional techniques in early mail 228
10.3 Construction of early mail by working in the flat 230
10.4 Construction of textile clothing and mail 239
10.5 Construction of the coat with shoulder guards 242
10.6 Mail with shoulder guards and textile clothing 247
10.7 The development of mail armour through the ages 249
10.8 Construction in cultural context 257
1 1 r i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 259
11.1 The relevance of the seemingly irrelevant 259
11.2 Ring size 261
6.1 Gold on silver 143
6.2 Copper alloy elements 145
6.3 Decorative origin 146
6.4 Development and distribution 147
6.5 Decorative trimmings 150
6.6 Inserted patterns 153
6.7 Contrasting rivets 155
6.8 Decoration of hybrid armour 158
6.9 Decoration of ‘miniature mail’ 160
6.10 Decorative hems 161
6.11 Colourful Roman army 163
7 p a d d e d g a r m e n t s 165
7.1 the advantages and disadvantages of flexible armour 165
7.2 himation, thoracomachus, subarmalis and cimmerian tunic 168
7.3 textile and leather remains 172
7.4 medieval analogy, gladiators and pteruges 176
7.5 concealed by metal armour 181
8 t h e c r a f t o f m a k i n g m a i l r i n g s 183
8.1 The mail maker’s process 183
8.2 The manufacture of metal wire 192
8.3 The manufacture of solid rings 197
8.4 Unravelling the use of butted rings 201
8.5 Loose rings 207
8.6 The mail making workshop 209
9 w e a v i n g p a t t e r n s 211
9.1 Four-in-one pattern 211
9.2 Six-in-one pattern from tiefenau 215
9.3 Pinched loop-in-loop pattern from Bertoldsheim 217
9.4 Four-in-one pattern in hybrid armour 219
9.5 Favourable characteristics 221
1 0 t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f m a i l g a r m e n t s 223
10.1 Current knowledge based on late mail from Europe 224
10.2 Presence of constructional techniques in early mail 228
10.3 Construction of early mail by working in the flat 230
10.4 Construction of textile clothing and mail 239
10.5 Construction of the coat with shoulder guards 242
10.6 Mail with shoulder guards and textile clothing 247
10.7 The development of mail armour through the ages 249
10.8 Construction in cultural context 257
1 1 r i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 259
11.1 The relevance of the seemingly irrelevant 259
11.2 Ring size 261
11.3 Direction of the overlap and ring types 265
11.4 Cross-section of riveted rings 276
11.5 Rivet characteristics 285
11.6 Shape of the overlap in riveted rings 291
11.7 Cross-section of solid rings 302
11.8 Ring characteristics typology 307
1 2 f i n a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s 313
12.1 Insights 313
12.2 Prospects 317
12.3 Methodological potential 317
b i b l i o g r a p h y 321
d a t a b a s e 363
Appendix 1. Catalogue of mail armour 365
Appendix 2. Catalogue of hybrid armour 483
Appendix 3. Catalogue of isolated finds of fasteners and fixtures 489
Appendix 4. Finds excluded from the database 505
11.4 Cross-section of riveted rings 276
11.5 Rivet characteristics 285
11.6 Shape of the overlap in riveted rings 291
11.7 Cross-section of solid rings 302
11.8 Ring characteristics typology 307
1 2 f i n a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s 313
12.1 Insights 313
12.2 Prospects 317
12.3 Methodological potential 317
b i b l i o g r a p h y 321
d a t a b a s e 363
Appendix 1. Catalogue of mail armour 365
Appendix 2. Catalogue of hybrid armour 483
Appendix 3. Catalogue of isolated finds of fasteners and fixtures 489
Appendix 4. Finds excluded from the database 505